On a 2 carriage train it is unlikely there will ever be more that one sanded axle, so there is no redundancy. But even if there were two sanded axles, the loss of one axle's worth of sanding will have a still have a significant safety impact and the risk of another Talerddig style event remains. The driver will be driving to the capability of the train, braking based on the performance he is experiencing from that train and the conditions which affect stopping performance, so if the driver has been experiencing good stopping performance, thanks to two sanded axles, and then without warning one of those axle's sanding is lost it will only become evident to the driver when the train fails to stop in the same manner as it was previously...at which point the train speed will have been higher and the available stopping distance reduced.
Some classes, I'd say the majority, have a two separate hoppers per sanded axle while others are as you assume.
The contamination which blocks sand hoses/pipes/nozzles, such as happened at Talerddig, is nearly always from an external source. Flange lubricators, TGA's, leaf mulch or sandite. It can either be an accumulation from normal exposure or it can be due to over application due to defective grease pot or TGA, for example.
Contamination causing hose blockages is not a new issue, it's been happening for the last 20 odd years. The sand hose outlet has to be aligned with the wheel contact area, and it's the wheel contact area around the circumference of the wheel that throws any rail head contamination outwards. The contamination is flung off the wheel into and onto the sand hose outlets principally when the train is travelling backwards, relative to the direction the sander normally operates in, so it is often the case that the last time the driver drove from the end with now blocked sander all was good. But while the train has been driven from the other end the hoses have become blocked and then when the driver resumes driving from the affected end the sander no longer works but the driver has no knowledge of this.