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Incident at Talerddig, Wales - 21/10/2024

MarkyT

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The metal mass of magnetic track brakes can have negative effects on existing signalling equipment even when not in active use.
Possibly detected as an extra wheel by axle counter sensors resulting in a miscount? I wonder if DB have any problems with this as MTB and axle counters are widely used.
(flipping autocorrect always changes miscount to discount! Caught it this time.)
And Not every bogie is designed to absorb the additional forces of a magnetic track brake.
That's a very good point, especially with ancient stock. I expect the most modern bogie designs will be suitable as at least in outline they tend to be designed generically for international markets, some of which routinely specify the tech.
 
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bahnause

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Possibly detected as an extra wheel by axle counter sensors resulting in a miscount? I wonder if DB have any problems with this as MTB and axle counters are widely used.
(flipping autocorrect always changes miscount to discount! Caught it this time.)
There is plenty of equipment available, that does not cause any issues. But it has to be installed.
That's a very good point, especially with ancient stock. I expect the most modern bogie designs will be suitable as at least in outline they tend to be designed generically for international markets, some of which routinely specify the tech.
Unfortunately not. Since weight plays a decisive role, even modern designs cannot always accommodate a magnetic track brake. Even similar bogies can differ depending on the specification.
 

35B

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If the preliminary finding of defective sanders is correct, it will be interesting to know what is said about why they were defective - and what implications that may have for units at the start of the day. However, the unit in question had been in service all day, yet the incident was very late in the day. That makes me hesitant to make any link between inspection regime and the events that evening without much deeper knowledge of what happened that day.
The devil will be in the detail of when and how the sanders became blocked.
Precisely my point.
I fully agree with RSSB that UK operators are 'missing a trick' regarding magnetic track brakes for 'assured stopping' in an emergency. It is interesting that new tram trains entering public service soon for TfW on South Wales Metro will have these brakes, and they will operate in part over NR infrastructure, as will the new rolling stock for T&W Metro, also equipped with MTB.
We're talking about DMUs with barely enough power as it is - the units you describe are tram trains, where that technology is more normal.
 

MarkyT

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Unfortunately not. Since weight plays a decisive role, even modern designs cannot always accommodate a magnetic track brake. Even similar bogies can differ depending on the specification.
Retro-fits of all kinds are difficult in many respects. Clearly much better if you can design the feature into a new train... like the massive near total fleet replacement taking place in Wales currently.
 

bahnause

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Stonegate in 2010 is what you're thinking of, the train slid for some 3 miles!
An interesting read. The train did not slide though, the WSP did it‘s thing. In fact the rate of brake retardation reduced as the brake was moved from step two to emergency. Very similar to other incidents. Could it be a rather primitive WSP not being able to keep the wheels in a controlled slide prolonged the braking distance unnecessarily?
 

millemille

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An interesting read. The train did not slide though, the WSP did it‘s thing. In fact the rate of brake retardation reduced as the brake was moved from step two to emergency. Very similar to other incidents. Could it be a rather primitive WSP not being able to keep the wheels in a controlled slide prolonged the braking distance unnecessarily?
Of course the train slid, the coefficient of friction wasn't able to support the brake demand and the wheels were going round more slowly than the train was travelling forward. Just because they weren't locked doesn't mean they weren't sliding.

The average stopping rate for the whole slide was 1.3%g against brake demand 6%g or higher, the train was going to slide whatever the brake demand because the adhesion wouldn't even support brake step 1 demand without slide .

The wheels were in a controlled slide the whole time, with the WSP system attempting to maintain a creep ratio of ~20% which is a perfectly reasonable, based on testing and service experience, creep ratio target.

The most modern WSP system are capable of determining the reference adhesion and altering the creep ratio target to better suit the available adhesion but they all still have to allow a percentage difference between wheel rotational speed and train speed over ground.

WSP systems are evaluated on the WSPER rig in Derby and have the most stringent test criteria in Europe, with the adhesion models based on actual real world adhesion measurements made by BR research.
 

MarkyT

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Precisely my point.

We're talking about DMUs with barely enough power as it is - the units you describe are tram trains, where that technology is more normal.
I know MTBs are common on light rail derived vehicles. I do not advocate retrofitting the cl.158s. These will be gone (from Wales at least) fairly soon, but consideration might be given to MTB provision on replacement new trains. Power consumption is not large (can't find any figures currently) and is only for a short period when deployed, but a suitable supply is required.
 

35B

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I know MTBs are common on light rail derived vehicles. I do not advocate retrofitting the cl.158s. These will be gone (from Wales at least) fairly soon, but consideration might be given to MTB provision on replacement new trains. Power consumption is not large (can't find any figures currently) and is only for a short period when deployed, but a suitable supply is required.
Which requires a material electricity supply. And the replacements for the class 158s will also be mechanical rather than electrical, hence my doubts about the applicability of the technology.

That's before other doubts kick in.
 

bahnause

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Of course the train slid, the coefficient of friction wasn't able to support the brake demand and the wheels were going round more slowly than the train was travelling forward. Just because they weren't locked doesn't mean they weren't sliding.

The average stopping rate for the whole slide was 1.3%g against brake demand 6%g or higher, the train was going to slide whatever the brake demand because the adhesion wouldn't even support brake step 1 demand without slide .

The wheels were in a controlled slide the whole time, with the WSP system attempting to maintain a creep ratio of ~20% which is a perfectly reasonable, based on testing and service experience, creep ratio target.

From the Stonegate report:
174 The OTDR data showed that, during the incident at Stonegate, the rate of brake retardation achieved reduced from 1.7 %g to 1.3 %g as the brake step was increased from two to emergency (see figure 4). This drop in retardation was similar to that seen in the low adhesion testing carried out by Southern Railway in April 2011. This showed a reduction in brake retardation from approximately 7 %g to 6 %g, in low adhesion conditions with no sand, as the brake was increased from step two to emergency. This reduction in retardation as braking is increased could be explained by the WSP system having to work harder to release the brakes more often to match the higher train braking to the low available rail adhesion.
and
176 At Crowhurst, the driver, after making an initial brake application in step one, reverted to the current driving policy, because he was concerned that the OTDR data would be analysed and his non-compliance identified. Here, the train experienced significant WSP activity, and the driver had to use the emergency brake to stop correctly in the platform. The OTDR data from the stop at Crowhurst shows that the average brake retardation achieved in brake step one was 3.0 %g, reducing to 1.9 %g in both steps two and three (all with almost certainly no sand). The retardation rate in emergency increased to 4.2 %g after the speed had fallen to below 20 mph (32 km/h).

This is why I don't agree with the train being in a controlled slide. A controlled slide would have the same brake retardation in every brake step once the overall condition was determined by the WSP. We carried out test runs with the DB ET 425 around 2003. We noticed such behavior of the WSP in a certain adhesion range. This was corrected using an adapted algorithm. However, this behavior only became apparent during operation, as only a very narrow range of conditions was affecting the WSP.

The current level of a creep ration of 20% is a compromise to begin with, as the optimum level of slip is varying depending on the level of adhesion and the speed of the train. Depending on the type of lubricating film, the maximum adhesion can be found in the lower (high foliage content, low moisture), but also in the upper slip area (little/no foliage, high moisture).
 

edwin_m

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This is why I don't agree with the train being in a controlled slide. A controlled slide would have the same brake retardation in every brake step once the overall condition was determined by the WSP. We carried out test runs with the DB ET 425 around 2003. We noticed such behavior of the WSP in a certain adhesion range. This was corrected using an adapted algorithm. However, this behavior only became apparent during operation, as only a very narrow range of conditions was affecting the WSP.

The current level of a creep ration of 20% is a compromise to begin with, as the optimum level of slip is varying depending on the level of adhesion and the speed of the train. Depending on the type of lubricating film, the maximum adhesion can be found in the lower (high foliage content, low moisture), but also in the upper slip area (little/no foliage, high moisture).
This is going to depend on the exact details of the WSP algorithm and hardware. As mentioned by @millemille more modern systems have better algorithms and the DB425 with the modified algorithm might have been more effective than the one at Stonegate.

Also worth remembering that the 158 is driven by a cardan shaft to the two axles of the powered bogie, which forces them to rotate at the same rate. This arrangement will also increase their moment of inertia (though I've no idea how that would compare with the motors on an EMU). This means that the WSP can't control the four axles independently, and probably also that it takes longer for those wheels to start rotating when the WSP releases the brakes. Either of these factors is likely to reduce the effectiveness of the WSP compared with an EMU.
 

Lurcheroo

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Upthread someone asks how effective sanding would have been but (with the obvious apology) I can't find a good reply. Following on from this will there be records of when the sanders were tested and is there a rule for this. A member pointed out that if prepared in a platform the sanders cannot be tested which seems unsatisfactory. If sanding is effective the testing of the equipment seems crucial.
It’s a what if but the Salisbury report has a fairly good infographic showing stopping distances with different types of sanders, including no sand.
If the 158 was unable to deposit any sand then it is highly likely that functional sanders would have prevented this. Reminder, that is speculative and the report almost will undoubtedly make a statement regarding if they feel it would have prevented the collision.

I’m fairly certain that sanders will have their place within the maintenance regime and therefore it will all be recorded.

As for unit preps, drivers are taught how to prepare a unit for service and vaguely speaking this is split into 2 parts. Above solebar and Below solebar. Anything underneath the train (which is a lot more than just the sanders) is not checked on an above solebar only.
To check the sanders it is a simple push button which will activate them, we then observe that sand is dispensed into the rail/wheel interface.

If it had been blocked at the time a full-prep would likely have picked it up. However, that unit has done a full days work before the accident, if it had been blocked it’s possible a driver would have noticed poor performance under braking / acceleration when sand is being used and reported it.

I would think that RAIB will be surely be attempting to find out when it became blocked and also looking at how the unit was prepared for service and if they feel that is unsatisfactory may make recommendations regarding it, we shall have to wait and see.


It appears that TfW may have withdrawn some units from service today to ensure the sanders are working, meaning no TfW service between Shrewsbury and Birmingham.
3 weeks is a bit late for that.
All TFW units were checked in the days after (every traction type) and no defects were found on any unit.

Unfortunately the fleet is pretty much decimated for other reasons currently. As low as 10 serviceable units out of 24. They had expected 17 this week but it has not materialised.
 

Belperpete

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I suppose an alternative would be a really restrictive speed limit, the descending train literally crawling from the summit into the loop at a rate which would make sliding through vanishingly unlikely. Good old ALARP again.
Isn't the loop at the summit? I.e. trains don't descend into the loop, they are ascending from both directions.
 

Harpo

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3 weeks is a bit late for that.

All TFW units were checked in the days after (every traction type) and no defects were found on any units
Its possible that investigations have unearthed new technical factors (e.g. the performance of a component) not previously identified, needing fleet-wide checks.

That’s speculative but it’s just one example of how on-going enquiries could still impact on current ops.
 

bahnause

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This is going to depend on the exact details of the WSP algorithm and hardware. As mentioned by @millemille more modern systems have better algorithms and the DB425 with the modified algorithm might have been more effective than the one at Stonegate.
The most important point with the ET425 was not even the optimization of the software in general, but the prevention of dangerous freakouts of the WSP software. Improved braking performance in general was just a bonus.
However, there are still cases where the WSP extends the braking distance more than is acceptable. The Stadler RABe515 had such documented cases. However, only the investigation after a collision revealed that this behavior had only crept in through numerous software updates.
Also worth remembering that the 158 is driven by a cardan shaft to the two axles of the powered bogie, which forces them to rotate at the same rate. This arrangement will also increase their moment of inertia (though I've no idea how that would compare with the motors on an EMU). This means that the WSP can't control the four axles independently, and probably also that it takes longer for those wheels to start rotating when the WSP releases the brakes. Either of these factors is likely to reduce the effectiveness of the WSP compared with an EMU.
With an EMU, the dynamic brake can be used to control the WSP very quickly and accurately.
 

Lurcheroo

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Its possible that investigations have unearthed new technical factors (e.g. the performance of a component) not previously identified, needing fleet-wide checks.
Yes it’s possible, but we’re talking about an identified on day 1 problem that saw all of TFW’s units go through checks within days.
 

vikingsmb

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Our/this line seems to have no problem keeping the rails clear of rust running 158's.Whilst they might be a bit coloured before the first train each day, they are soon cleared after the second and third have used it.
And I'm not sure where you think they are going to divert freight from, considering that the line only goes to Machynlleth, Aberystwyth and Pwllheli. Are you confusing it with the Heart of Wales Line that passes between Llanelli and Craven Arms?
probably am, my mistake sorry.
 
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But don't conflate DVRS (or SVRS in the theoretical case here) with preventing the accident, if the sand delivery hoses are blocked or restricted the kind of sander is irrelevant.
Variable rate may not make a difference, but surely more sanders (and so more sand pipes) gives the train as a whole redundancy - better to have two out of four sand pipes work than zero out of two. I assume the left and right pipes commonly share a single sander / sand supply.
 

172007

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Variable rate may not make a difference, but surely more sanders (and so more sand pipes) gives the train as a whole redundancy - better to have two out of four sand pipes work than zero out of two. I assume the left and right pipes commonly share a single sander / sand supply.
Some rolling stock have been modified so that all units in a formation sand at the same time thereby giving redundancy and is almost equivalent if a double rate sander in those cases.
 

Krokodil

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Some rolling stock have been modified so that all units in a formation sand at the same time thereby giving redundancy and is almost equivalent if a double rate sander in those cases.
Which isn't a lot of use for a single unit like this. Remember of course that TfW are famous for the number of two-car formations running around in spite of loadings.
 

millemille

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Variable rate may not make a difference, but surely more sanders (and so more sand pipes) gives the train as a whole redundancy - better to have two out of four sand pipes work than zero out of two. I assume the left and right pipes commonly share a single sander / sand supply.

On a 2 carriage train it is unlikely there will ever be more that one sanded axle, so there is no redundancy. But even if there were two sanded axles, the loss of one axle's worth of sanding will have a still have a significant safety impact and the risk of another Talerddig style event remains. The driver will be driving to the capability of the train, braking based on the performance he is experiencing from that train and the conditions which affect stopping performance, so if the driver has been experiencing good stopping performance, thanks to two sanded axles, and then without warning one of those axle's sanding is lost it will only become evident to the driver when the train fails to stop in the same manner as it was previously...at which point the train speed will have been higher and the available stopping distance reduced.

Some classes, I'd say the majority, have a two separate hoppers per sanded axle while others are as you assume.

The contamination which blocks sand hoses/pipes/nozzles, such as happened at Talerddig, is nearly always from an external source. Flange lubricators, TGA's, leaf mulch or sandite. It can either be an accumulation from normal exposure or it can be due to over application due to defective grease pot or TGA, for example.

Contamination causing hose blockages is not a new issue, it's been happening for the last 20 odd years. The sand hose outlet has to be aligned with the wheel contact area, and it's the wheel contact area around the circumference of the wheel that throws any rail head contamination outwards. The contamination is flung off the wheel into and onto the sand hose outlets principally when the train is travelling backwards, relative to the direction the sander normally operates in, so it is often the case that the last time the driver drove from the end with now blocked sander all was good. But while the train has been driven from the other end the hoses have become blocked and then when the driver resumes driving from the affected end the sander no longer works but the driver has no knowledge of this.
 

edwin_m

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On a 2 carriage train it is unlikely there will ever be more that one sanded axle, so there is no redundancy. But even if there were two sanded axles, the loss of one axle's worth of sanding will have a still have a significant safety impact and the risk of another Talerddig style event remains. The driver will be driving to the capability of the train, braking based on the performance he is experiencing from that train and the conditions which affect stopping performance, so if the driver has been experiencing good stopping performance, thanks to two sanded axles, and then without warning one of those axle's sanding is lost it will only become evident to the driver when the train fails to stop in the same manner as it was previously...at which point the train speed will have been higher and the available stopping distance reduced.

Some classes, I'd say the majority, have a two separate hoppers per sanded axle while others are as you assume.

The contamination which blocks sand hoses/pipes/nozzles, such as happened at Talerddig, is nearly always from an external source. Flange lubricators, TGA's, leaf mulch or sandite. It can either be an accumulation from normal exposure or it can be due to over application due to defective grease pot or TGA, for example.

Contamination causing hose blockages is not a new issue, it's been happening for the last 20 odd years. The sand hose outlet has to be aligned with the wheel contact area, and it's the wheel contact area around the circumference of the wheel that throws any rail head contamination outwards. The contamination is flung off the wheel into and onto the sand hose outlets principally when the train is travelling backwards, relative to the direction the sander normally operates in, so it is often the case that the last time the driver drove from the end with now blocked sander all was good. But while the train has been driven from the other end the hoses have become blocked and then when the driver resumes driving from the affected end the sander no longer works but the driver has no knowledge of this.
Just thinking that "defensive driving" policies may actually make this worse. If the driver only ever uses light braking then they may not be aware that adhesion is poor or the sanders are faulty, until it gets bad enough that their gentle braking doesn't work and then the higher notches don't work either. I'm actually inclined to think that drivers should user higher braking notches when approaching a station (except when there's also a red signal) and the occasional station overrun should be tolerated. This might also reinforce the importance of signal stops by encouraging drivers to treat them differently from other stops.
 

12LDA28C

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Just thinking that "defensive driving" policies may actually make this worse. If the driver only ever uses light braking then they may not be aware that adhesion is poor or the sanders are faulty, until it gets bad enough that their gentle braking doesn't work and then the higher notches don't work either. I'm actually inclined to think that drivers should user higher braking notches when approaching a station (except when there's also a red signal) and the occasional station overrun should be tolerated. This might also reinforce the importance of signal stops by encouraging drivers to treat them differently from other stops.

Not sure what logic you're using for this suggestion. If drivers use heavier braking when approaching a station then that pretty much guarantees the train will slide if adhesion is low. I suggest a rather large increase in station overruns will result, which will most certainly not be tolerated by the TOCs.
 

anothertyke

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If the unit is fitted with sanding equipment for braking (as 158s are) then it's a rule book requirement that the sanding equipment that will be at the leading end of the unit at any point during the day's diagram must be operational or the unit must not leave the depot. If the driver notices that the sanding equipment has become defective in service and they believe they will have difficulty stopping without it (i.e. because there are low railhead adhesion conditions) then they must stop and report to the signaller immediately.

What is the rule if the unit is commencing service from a station platform rather than a depot?
 

millemille

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What is the rule if the unit is commencing service from a station platform rather than a depot?
In my experience, no difference. A train cannot enter passenger service from any location with a known sander defect and has to come out of service if the driver becomes aware of a sander defect.
 

edwin_m

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Not sure what logic you're using for this suggestion. If drivers use heavier braking when approaching a station then that pretty much guarantees the train will slide if adhesion is low. I suggest a rather large increase in station overruns will result, which will most certainly not be tolerated by the TOCs.
If they break a bit harder for a station, but still reasonably early when adhesion is suspected to be poor, then they will find out whether there is enough adhesion to sustain a heavy brake application and if there isn't they can probably still stop on a lighter one (assuming adhesion is gradually deteriorating). If they don't hen they've only overrun a station, more of an operating inconvenience than a safety issue.
 

anothertyke

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In my experience, no difference. A train cannot enter passenger service from any location with a known sander defect and has to come out of service if the driver becomes aware of a sander defect.

But can you actually test for a sander defect at a station platform? I have read that one of the units was supposed to start that morning from Crewe depot but actually started from a station platform at Chester. There may not have been a known defect......
 

35B

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But can you actually test for a sander defect at a station platform? I have read that one of the units was supposed to start that morning from Crewe depot but actually started from a station platform at Chester. There may not have been a known defect......
It had also worked a full day's diagram. In October, I'd suggest that inspection at the start of day may not be the key issue.
 

12LDA28C

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If they break a bit harder for a station, but still reasonably early when adhesion is suspected to be poor, then they will find out whether there is enough adhesion to sustain a heavy brake application and if there isn't they can probably still stop on a lighter one (assuming adhesion is gradually deteriorating). If they don't hen they've only overrun a station, more of an operating inconvenience than a safety issue.

If a driver 'brakes a bit harder' then the train will slide, and the driver may not be able to regain control in order to stop at the station. You seem to be claiming that the driver, once sliding can then use a lesser/lighter step of the brake to regain control which whilst not always even possible, is almost certainly not in accordance with any TOC's driving instructions which, unsurprisingly, will not state 'during leaf-fall season, test the rail adhesion levels by braking harder initially and then take your chances by easing off on the brake and if you miss the station, then fair enough'.
 

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