Why would 1KWh used for charging a car be any worse than 1kWh used for charging a phone? The externality of producing that 1kWh is the same.
A typical daily EV charge would be, say 20kWh and give around 100 miles. That same amount of energy would give around 5 years of daily charges of a contemporary smartphone, so it is a pointless comparison.
Road usage can be accounted for today by miles driven, there is no
need to charge more in cities - we don't do it now.
Local councils could decide to levy some form of "congestion charge" if they wanted, but that doesn't require exact road tracking, just cameras on the edge of the zone.
England has a land value of about £33 trillion. A 2% land value tax would raise the entire government budget. Cheshire East has 2,700km of roads, which at 25 feet across is about 2,000 hectares, with Cheshire East land values of 1.3 million per hectare. That would require £52m a year if all taxes were raised by LVT (i.e. get rid of income tax etc). That would be £135 per person. About 50% are drivers, so that would cost £270 per driver, for an average 7,000 miles a year, or a road charge of about 3.5-4p per mile, so the land use cost for that 100 yard trip to the store would be 0.5p return.
To raise just Cheshire East's £300m budget (and thus replace council tax and business rates) would mean a road contribution of
£300m * 2000 hectares / 11 660 000ha = £51k.
About
30p per driver per year.
(A typical housing estate is built about a density of 20-30 per hectare, so land price would be about £52k, or £1000 per house per year for all taxes, or £1 a year for Cheshire East's budget. Local aristocrats in their 340 hectare estate would have to pay a fair whack though)
A tyre in its lifetime sheds around 2-3kg (20cm * 18 inch * 6mm * 400kg/m^3). Landfill tax is about £100 a ton, or 10p per kg, so the cost of the tyre wear is currently about 30p per tyre, which lasts about 20,000 miles. Better to add the tax upfront, but it would work out at well under 0.02p per mile.
I'm not sure who says that, but motoring taxes (VED and petrol tax) raise about 35b a year (depending if you include VAT on new cars or not, I don't).
Road budget is about 11b a year, half local, half national.[/QUOTE]
All those calculations above suggest that you don't feel that need to change anything with regards to private transport. I firmly believe that the rapidly advancing climate crisis changes everything.
Rest assured that the need to change the travel habits of the public will be addressed by differential charges, i.e. there will be costs incurred by those who needlessly contribute to congestion and pollution that more considerate users of private vehicles avoid. The current cost of loading hydrocarbon fuel with costs that loosely represent the distance travelled is clearly inadequate, as congestion in towns and on busy routes where there is adequate public transport provision demonstrates. The move to sustainable energy in vehicles together with data gathering on individual use will present a solution that is fairer to all.